Unit 2: Process Management, CPU Scheduling & Threads

Unit 2 Learning Hub

Process Management, CPU Scheduling & Threads

Official MJPRU BCA Unit 2: Process Management, CPU Scheduling & Threads for BCA-205N (Operating System).

Syllabus Topics:Process Concept: Process Definition, Program vs Process, Memory Layout (Text, Data, Stack, Heap Segments)Process States & 5-State Transition Model: New, Ready, Running, Waiting (Blocked), TerminatedProcess Control Block (PCB): Structure, Task Attributes (PID, Program Counter, CPU Registers, Memory Limits, Open Files)Process Context Switching: Hardware State Saving, Cache Invalidation Overhead, Performance ImpactProcess Scheduling Queues: Job Queue, Ready Queue, Device/I/O Queues, Queue Transition FlowSchedulers in Operating Systems: Long-Term (Admission), Short-Term (CPU), Medium-Term (Swapping) SchedulersProcess Creation & Termination: Process Trees, parent-child Relationships, fork() and exec() System Calls, Zombie/Orphan ProcessesThreads Fundamentals: Definition, Light-Weight Processes (LWP), Resource Sharing Benefits, Thread vs ProcessMultithreading Models: Many-to-One, One-to-One (Standard in Linux/Windows), Many-to-Many Kernel ModelsCPU Scheduling Concepts: Preemptive vs Non-Preemptive Scheduling Policies, Dispatcher LatencyScheduling Criteria: CPU Utilization, Throughput, Turnaround Time, Waiting Time, Response TimeFirst-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling: Algorithm, Convoy Effect, Average Waiting Time EvaluationShortest Job First (SJF) Scheduling: Non-Preemptive SJF, Preemptive SJF (Shortest Remaining Time First - SRTF), StarvationPriority Scheduling: Static vs Dynamic Priorities, Internal vs External Priorities, Starvation & Aging SolutionRound Robin (RR) Scheduling: Time Quantum Selection Trade-offs, Response Time Optimization, Context Switch OverheadMultilevel Queue & Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling: Separation of Foreground/Background Processes, Feedback Upgrading

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Introduction to Computers & The IPO Cycle

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Topic 1 · The foundation of modern computing

Introduction to Computers & The IPO Cycle

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Ready to master this concept? Give it a quick read & tap the check!

💡 The Big Picture:A computer is an electronic system that takes raw data as Input, processes it under programmed logic, and produces meaningful Information as Output.

🍪 Everyday Analogy:Think of baking cookies: Flour & Sugar (Input) ➔ The Oven (Processing) ➔ Warm Delicious Cookie (Output)! 🍪

Key Exam Takeaways

·Data = Raw, unprocessed facts without context (e.g. 42, 'apple').
·Information = Structured data with meaning (e.g. 'Temperature: 42°C').
·Hardware is what you can touch; Software is the instructions running inside.

Instant Knowledge Check

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Which of the following represents unprocessed raw facts?

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