Unit 2: Network Models, Layer Functionalities & Protocols

Unit 2 Learning Hub

Network Models, Layer Functionalities & Protocols

Official MJPRU BCA Unit 2: Network Models, Layer Functionalities & Protocols for BCA-208N (Computer Networks).

Syllabus Topics:Network Architecture Paradigms: Client-Server Architecture (Dedicated Servers) vs Peer-to-Peer (P2P) ArchitecturePhysical Layer Functionalities: Bit Representation, Line Coding (NRZ, Manchester, Differential Manchester), Data Rate Bounds (Nyquist & Shannon Theorems)Data Link Layer Functionalities: Framing, Bit Stuffing, Byte Stuffing, Error Control (Parity, Checksum, Cyclic Redundancy Check - CRC)Flow Control Mechanisms: Stop-and-Wait ARQ, Sliding Window Protocols (Go-Back-N ARQ, Selective Repeat ARQ)Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer: Channel Allocation, Pure ALOHA vs Slotted ALOHA (Efficiency Derivation)Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): 1-Persistent, Non-Persistent, p-Persistent CSMA ProtocolsCSMA/CD (Collision Detection) in Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): Minimum Frame Size Formula, Exponential Backoff AlgorithmCSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance) in Wireless LANs (IEEE 802.11): RTS/CTS Handshake, Interframe Spacing (DIFS, SIFS)Network Layer Functionalities: Packet Switching vs Circuit Switching vs Message Switching, Routing Strategies (Static vs Dynamic)Transport Layer Functionalities: End-to-End Delivery, Port Addressing, Multiplexing and DemultiplexingTransmission Control Protocol (TCP): Connection-Oriented, 3-Way Handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK), Flow Control (Sliding Window), Congestion ControlUser Datagram Protocol (UDP): Connectionless, Lightweight, Header Format (8 Bytes), Real-Time Streaming and Voice Applications

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Introduction to Computers & The IPO Cycle

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Topic 1 · The foundation of modern computing

Introduction to Computers & The IPO Cycle

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Ready to master this concept? Give it a quick read & tap the check!

💡 The Big Picture:A computer is an electronic system that takes raw data as Input, processes it under programmed logic, and produces meaningful Information as Output.

🍪 Everyday Analogy:Think of baking cookies: Flour & Sugar (Input) ➔ The Oven (Processing) ➔ Warm Delicious Cookie (Output)! 🍪

Key Exam Takeaways

·Data = Raw, unprocessed facts without context (e.g. 42, 'apple').
·Information = Structured data with meaning (e.g. 'Temperature: 42°C').
·Hardware is what you can touch; Software is the instructions running inside.

Instant Knowledge Check

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Which of the following represents unprocessed raw facts?

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