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BCA-301N · Artificial Intelligence
Unit 2

AI Problem Solving & State Space Search Techniques

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Unit 2 Learning Hub

AI Problem Solving & State Space Search Techniques

Official MJPRU BCA Unit 2: AI Problem Solving & State Space Search Techniques for BCA-301N (Artificial Intelligence).

Syllabus Topics:Problem Solving as State Space Search: Initial State, State Space Graph, Transition Model, Goal State & Path CostProduction Systems Architecture: Working Memory, Production Rules (Condition-Action), Inference Engine & Conflict ResolutionControl Strategies & Problem Characteristics: Modularity, Recoverability, Predictability & Knowledge NecessityUninformed Search Strategies: Breadth-First Search (BFS) Algorithm, Completeness, Time & Space Complexity (O(b^d))Depth-First Search (DFS) & Depth-Limited Search (DLS): Algorithm, Backtracking Mechanism & Memory Efficiency (O(bm))Iterative Deepening Search (IDS) & Uniform Cost Search (Dijkstra-Variant): Optimality and Trade-offsInformed (Heuristic) Search: Heuristic Functions h(n), Admissibility Condition (h(n) <= h*(n)) & Consistency/MonotonicityGreedy Best-First Search: Evaluation Function f(n) = h(n), Greedy Traversal & Susceptibility to Local ExtremaA* Search Algorithm: f(n) = g(n) + h(n), Mathematical Proof of Optimality on Tree and Graph SearchesLocal Search & Optimization: Pure Hill Climbing, Steepest-Ascent, Stochastic Hill Climbing, Foothills, Plateaus & RidgesProblem Reduction & AND/OR Graphs: AO* Search Algorithm, Branching, Futility & Hyper-ArcsConstraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP): Backtracking Search, Constraint Propagation & Forward CheckingAdversarial Search & Game Playing: Two-Player Zero-Sum Games, Minimax Decision Rule, Backup ValuesAlpha-Beta Pruning: Alpha Cutoffs, Beta Cutoffs, Optimal Move Ordering & Effective Branching Factor Reduction
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Introduction to Computers & The IPO Cycle

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Topic 1 · The foundation of modern computing

Introduction to Computers & The IPO Cycle

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Ready to master this concept? Give it a quick read & tap the check!

💡 The Big Picture:A computer is an electronic system that takes raw data as Input, processes it under programmed logic, and produces meaningful Information as Output.
🍪 Everyday Analogy:Think of baking cookies: Flour & Sugar (Input) ➔ The Oven (Processing) ➔ Warm Delicious Cookie (Output)! 🍪
Key Exam Takeaways
  • ·Data = Raw, unprocessed facts without context (e.g. 42, 'apple').
  • ·Information = Structured data with meaning (e.g. 'Temperature: 42°C').
  • ·Hardware is what you can touch; Software is the instructions running inside.
Instant Knowledge Check
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Which of the following represents unprocessed raw facts?

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